In 1968, the French nephrologist Dr. Jean Berger provided the first description of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, sometimes referred to as Berger’s disease. This kidney ailment triggers inflammation in the kidneys. Initially, it was considered to pose little threat. However, further research revealed that up to 50 percent of cases progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or kidney failure, according to the IgA Nephropathy Support Network. Following diabetes and high blood pressure, IgA nephropathy stands as the third leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States.

Immunoglobulin A is an antibody produced when the body faces threats like viruses, bacteria, or toxins. Typically, these antibodies help combat invading substances. For reasons still unknown, IgA can infiltrate the kidneys, leading to inflammation. This, in turn, can result in the presence of blood and protein in the urine, elevated blood pressure, swollen extremities, and other CKD symptoms.

Symptoms of IgA Nephropathy

Symptoms of IgA nephropathy do not manifest in its initial stages; instead, it’s a progressive condition that may take decades to produce noticeable signs. Occasionally, during routine screenings, doctors may detect IgA nephropathy signs, which include:

• Cola or tea-colored urine (hematuria) due to blood in the urine
• Periodic pain in the loins, abdomen, sides, or flanks
• Foam after urination caused by protein in the urine (proteinuria)
• Fatigue
• Flu and cold-like symptoms
• High blood pressure
• Swelling of the hands and feet (edema)
• Mood swings
• Increased susceptibility to allergies
• Lack of response to cold temperatures (mainly in children)
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs, mainly in young girls)

If you notice blood in your urine, consult your doctor immediately, as this could be a symptom of IgA nephropathy.

Causes of IgA Nephropathy

IgA nephropathy can affect anyone regardless of age, but it is more common in men. Caucasians and Asians have a higher incidence of IgA nephropathy than other ethnic groups.

The exact causes of IgA nephropathy and why IgA becomes trapped in the kidneys remain unknown. In some cases, it may develop after a child or young adult contracts a viral infection of the upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. For certain individuals, a genetic defect may be associated with the development of IgA nephropathy.

IgA Nephropathy and Your Kidneys

IgA nephropathy can lead to acute kidney failure or CKD. In some instances, a person’s kidneys may suddenly cease functioning and then recover after some time. However, for those with IgA nephropathy that progresses to CKD, over the years or even decades, their kidneys will gradually lose function, necessitating treatments such as dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Diagnosing IgA Nephropathy

Blood in the urine is the most common symptom of IgA nephropathy. If your urine contains blood or protein, your doctor may order a series of tests to assess kidney function and injury. In severe cases, a kidney biopsy may be necessary.

Treating IgA Nephropathy

IgA nephropathy cannot be prevented and currently has no cure. While some people can live with the disease without significant complications, up to half of those with IgA nephropathy may progress to ESRD. Your doctor will work with you to manage this condition, and treatment options may include:

• High blood pressure medications, such as ACE inhibitors prescribed by your doctor
• Immunosuppressants, such as corticosteroids and methylprednisolone
• Omega-3 fatty acids to reduce kidney inflammation
• A kidney-specific diet planned by a dietitian

Discuss IgA nephropathy testing with your doctor and seek guidance on what to do if you receive a diagnosis.